By Rohan Gunaratna, Published The Straits Times, 19 Oct 2012
SINCE Jemaah Islamiah's (JI) coordinated suicide attacks on Bali on Oct 12, 2002, the terrorist groups and extremist networks in South-east Asia have been disrupted but not eliminated. The region has performed much better than South Asia, Middle East and Africa in keeping terrorism in check but more work needs to be done to degrade and dismantle the threat structures.
The threat in South-east Asia has neither declined nor plateaued. Nonetheless, security and intelligence cooperation, and sustained counter-terrorism operations by regional governments are keeping the terrorist threat under check.
The Al-Qaeda-funded, JI-coordinated suicide bombings in Bali were one of the world's deadliest terrorist attacks. On a global scale, fewer than a dozen terrorist attacks killed over 200 civilians. The attacks by Indonesian suicide bombers killed 202 people - of these 164 were foreign nationals, including 88 Australians and 24 Britons - and maimed and injured 350 Indonesians and holidaymakers from 22 countries.
The joint Al-Qaeda-JI attack in Bali was to avenge the US-led coalition's intervention in Afghanistan. The attack was planned and prepared by Indonesian members of JI, almost all of them Afghan war veterans. The response of the Indonesian government - supported by the Australian federal police, Australia's intelligence community, and other governments - was decisive.
In the decade that followed, the Indonesian police, especially its counter-terrorism tactical force, Detachment 88, killed and captured nearly 800 Indonesian terrorists and extremists.
Furthermore, JI itself transformed into an ideological organisation and several new splinter groups emerged. They include a dozen operational groups of Al-Qaeda in Indonesia such as Lashkar Hisbah, Tawhid Wal Jihad and Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT).
Subsequently JI and JAT revisited Bali. Three JI suicide bombers attacked two sites in Bali on Oct 1, 2005, killing 26 people and injuring 126. Detachment 88 killed five JAT terrorists preparing to mount operations in Bali on March 18 this year.
The counter-terrorism efforts by Indonesia should be commended. Nonetheless, there is a need for greater political will to fight ideological extremism, the principal driver of terrorism in South-east Asia. There is a need to arrest the radical preachers, fine the presses that print extremist books and literature, and deter those who threaten and support political violence.
Although the Indonesian legal framework to fight operational terrorism is sound, the framework to fight the terrorists' conceptual and support infrastructure is weak. As such, these threat groups are not legally banned, proscribed, or designated. They continue to disseminate propaganda, raise funds, procure supplies and conduct training, regenerating the next wave of terrorists and terrorism.
South-east Asia has done exceptionally well compared to the US-led global war on terrorism in South Asia (Pakistan-Afghanistan), the Middle East (Iraq-Yemen), and Africa (Somalia-Libya). Although the original Al-Qaeda has been degraded and its founder Osama bin Laden killed, a dozen new Al-Qaedas have emerged, from Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula to Al-Qaeda in Iraq and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. Today, the Taleban, Al-Qaeda and a dozen other groups on the Afghan-Pakistan border are biding their time for the US-led coalition to pull out of Afghanistan in 2014 before they re-establish their pre-2001 safe haven.
The US invasion of Iraq triggered significant politicisation, radicalisation and mobilisation of Muslim communities. The US pulled out of Iraq without restoring law and order. After US and Nato intervention in Libya, the threat has percolated to the Sahel, destabilising Mali, Chad, Niger, Mauritania and even Nigeria. Although the situation in Yemen and Somalia has improved, terrorism and extremism remain a constant challenge.
The impact of the Arab Spring on South-east Asia was marginal. Unlike in the Middle East, the Arab Spring did not have an appreciable impact on Muslim countries in Asia where governments are relatively more democratic. Recently Asian Muslim politicians exercised restraint with regard to the release of the trailer, Innocence Of The Muslims, which otherwise would have challenged regional harmony.
However, in future, like JAT, other threat groups are also likely to operate both underground and above ground. They will continue to infiltrate political parties, social groups and youth organisations and invest in the social media extensively to expand their support bases. Today, the writings of the radical Jordanian cleric Abu Mohamed al Maqdisi, the mentor of Abu Musab al Zarqawi of Iraq, are gaining popularity among the extremist and terrorist circles in the region.
More violent and radical groups in South-east Asia will fight against non-Muslims ("infidels") and Muslims who do not share their belief ("apostates"). Driven by the false belief that the West is deliberately attacking Islam and killing Muslims, the terrorists attacked Western targets during the last decade.
In the next decade, they are likely to expand attacks to include government targets, notably government officials, especially judges and law enforcement, and politicians, including leaders. Extremist groups will campaign for replacing the democratic system of governance with Islamic law. More violent and radical groups will campaign for the imposition of syariah law.
The terrorist attack on Bali on Oct 12, 2002 was a wake-up call for South-east Asian governments. It demonstrated the severity of terrorism. Today, the governments are better prepared to fight terrorism and their leaders better understand the threat posed by ideological extremism.
Today, extremism among South-east Asian Muslims is not so much driven by domestic and regional developments as by global developments. For instance, the re-creation of Afghanistan as a terrorist sanctuary will have profound implications for the security and stability of South-east Asia.
More than ever before, the geostrategic developments in the Middle East and South Asia are influencing Muslim thinking. As such, the threat of terrorism will not disappear from the South-east Asian security landscape in the short term.
The writer is professor of Security Studies and head of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University
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